However, it is still unclear to what extent S. Together, these findings demonstrate the variable physiology and contextual control of S. Future work should continue to evaluate with strain-level resolution how this complex organism fits into the larger context of skin health.
This is especially true for the growing demands to utilize commensal bacteria as nonantibiotic treatments for skin diseases such as AD. While there is some successful precedence for using CoNS as an anti-methicillin—resistant S. As for other skin-dominant CoNS like Staphylococcus warneri , Staphylococcus hominis , and Staphylococcus capitis , their roles in colonization resistance or their potential for pathogenicity are even less well defined than S. These highly abundant yet understudied CoNS species, in addition to non-staphylococcal members of the microbiota like Corynebacterium spp.
In conclusion, we posit that this high-resolution understanding of skin commensals, with an emphasis on benefits and costs of colonization, will fundamentally alter how we manage or treat our skin health.
Author summary Our skin is our first line of defense against environmental and pathogenic challenges. The human skin microbiota: Composition and function in barrier homeostasis The human skin is a complex physiological barrier designed to maintain internal homeostasis and protect the host from opportunistic pathogens.
Benefits of S. Download: PPT. Fig 1. The ubiquitous skin commensal S. Costs of S. Concluding remarks and future directions Together, these findings demonstrate the variable physiology and contextual control of S. References 1. Gallo RL. J Invest Dermatol. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. Trends Microbiol. Otto M. Staphylococcus epidermidis pan-genome sequence analysis reveals diversity of skin commensal and hospital infection-associated isolates. Genome Biol. Staphylococcus epidermidis agr quorum-sensing system: Signal identification, cross talk, and importance in colonization.
J Bacteriol. Staphylococcus epidermidis protease EcpA can be a deleterious component of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Skin commensals amplify the innate immune response to pathogens by activation of distinct signaling pathways. Commensal bacteria regulate toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury.
Nat Med. J Immunol. Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals. MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair. Belkaid Y, Segre J. Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity. Staphylococci are ubiquitous microorganisms that are pathogenic for humans and animals and widely distributed in the environment.
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a coagulase-negative strain found universally on the skin and frequently in the naso-pharynx. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the predominant aerobic organisms in the normal bacterial flora of the skin. They produce fewer extracellular products and toxins than do coagulase-positive strains, and they are considerably and consistently less virulent for laboratory animals undergoing various experimental infections than coagulase-positive strains.
Except for urinary tract infection in sexually active women, they rarely cause infections in the normal host. However, despite their low virulence, coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly S epidermidis , are well adapted to adhere to smooth metal and plastic surfaces of foreign bodies, such as vascular catheters, cardiac devices, and ventricular catheters.
Therefore, this is a major pathogen in central nervous system infections with Advertising Disclaimer ». Sign In or Create an Account. Search Close. Create Account. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article navigation.
Volume 19, Issue 3. Handke, L. Al Laham, N. Augmented expression of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in a defined Staphylococcus epidermidis mutant with the small-colony-variant phenotype.
Xu, L. Role of the luxS quorum-sensing system in biofilm formation and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Quorum-sensing control of biofilm factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kogan, G. Biofilms of clinical strains of Staphylococcus that do not contain polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. Rohde, H. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin or protein factors in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from prosthetic hip and knee joint infections.
Biomaterials 28 , — This article gives an exceptionally balanced view of the roles of proteins versus exopolysaccharide in S. Hussain, M. A kilodalton extracellular protein is essential for the accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains on surfaces. Induction of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation via proteolytic processing of the accumulation-associated protein by staphylococcal and host proteases.
Conrady, D. A zinc-dependent adhesion module is responsible for intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms. This work shed light on the mechanism of Aap self-aggregation. Banner, M. Localized tufts of fibrils on Staphylococcus epidermidis NCTC are comprised of the accumulation-associated protein. Bateman, A. The G5 domain: a potential N -acetylglucosamine recognition domain involved in biofilm formation.
Bioinformatics 21 , — Sun, D. Inhibition of biofilm formation by monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A accumulation-associated protein. Conlon, K. Inactivations of rsbU and sarA by IS represent novel mechanisms of biofilm phenotypic variation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Chaignon, P. Susceptibility of staphylococcal biofilms to enzymatic treatments depends on their chemical composition. Increased colonization of indwelling medical devices by quorum-sensing mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vivo.
This manuscript shows the role of the S. Yarwood, J. Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Boles, B. Agr-mediated dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Teufel, P. Characterization of an extracellular metalloprotease with elastase activity from Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Dubin, G. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterisation of proteases from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ohara-Nemoto, Y. Characterization and molecular cloning of a glutamyl endopeptidase from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kaplan, J. Genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of matrix polysaccharide in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biofilms.
Kong, K. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Regulated expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules in Staphylococcus epidermidis : quorum-sensing determines pro-inflammatory capacity and production of phenol-soluble modulins.
Characterization of the Staphylococcus epidermidis accessory-gene regulator response: quorum-sensing regulation of resistance to human innate host defence. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Kocianova, S. Little, S. Molecular pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis infection. Oppermann-Sanio, F. Occurrence, functions and biosynthesis of polyamides in microorganisms and biotechnological production. Naturwissenschaften 89 , 11—22 Kristian, S. Biofilm formation induces C3a release and protects Staphylococcus epidermidis from IgG and complement deposition and from neutrophil-dependent killing.
Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin PIA protects Staphylococcus epidermidis against major components of the human innate immune system.
This study shows the important role of PNAG in immune evasion. Begun, J. Staphylococcal biofilm exopolysaccharide protects against Caenorhabditis elegans immune defences. Mah, T. A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance.
Heine, H. Recognition of bacterial products by Toll-like receptors. Allergy 86 , 99— Stevens, N. Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin induces IL-8 expression in human astrocytes via a mechanism involving TLR2.
Henneke, P. Lipoproteins are critical TLR2 activating toxins in group B streptococcal sepsis. Li, H. Commercial peptidoglycan preparations are contaminated with superantigen-like activity that stimulates IL production. Hashimoto, M.
Not lipoteichoic acid but lipoproteins appear to be the dominant immunobiologically active compounds in Staphylococcus aureus. Mehlin, C. An inflammatory polypeptide complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis : isolation and characterization. This article describes the identification and pro-inflammatory properties of the main S. Wang, R. Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nature Med. Hajjar, A. Lambert, P. Lipid S, a novel Staphylococcus epidermidis exocellular antigen with potential for the serodiagnosis of infections.
Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system. Peschel, A. Inactivation of the dlt operon in Staphylococcus aureus confers sensitivity to defensins, protegrins, and other antimicrobial peptides.
Staphylococcus aureus resistance to human defensins and evasion of neutrophil killing via the novel virulence factor MprF is based on modification of membrane lipids with L -lysine.
The antimicrobial peptide-sensing system aps of Staphylococcus aureus. Bader, M. Recognition of antimicrobial peptides by a bacterial sensor kinase. Marin, M. Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus strains isolated from Spanish dry-cured hams.
Bautista, L. A quantitative study of enterotoxin production by sheep milk staphylococci. Klingenberg, C. Persistent strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit: virulence factors and invasiveness. Scheifele, D. Delta-like toxin produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci is associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Detection of virulence-associated genes not useful for discriminating between invasive and commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from a bone marrow transplant unit. Modulation of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin PIA expression in biofilm forming Staphylococcus epidermidis. Analysis of genetic mechanisms. The presence of icaADBC is detrimental to the colonization of human skin by Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Lai, Y. The human anionic antimicrobial peptide dermcidin induces proteolytic defence mechanisms in staphylococci. Diekema, D. Vos, M. Successful search-and-destroy policy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in The Netherlands.
Strict infection control measures do not prevent clonal spread of coagulase negative staphylococci colonizing central venous catheters in neutropenic hemato-oncologic patients.
Chambers, H. Increased amounts of a novel penicillin-binding protein in a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to nafcillin. Ma, X. Novel type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec identified in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.
Drug Resist. Diep, B. The arginine catabolic mobile element and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec linkage: convergence of virulence and resistance in the USA clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis clones: evidence of geographic dissemination. Raad, I. Intravascular catheter-related infections: advances in diagnosis, prevention, and management.
Lancet Infect. Schwalbe, R. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. Gagnon, R. Vancomycin therapy of experimental peritoneal catheter-associated infection Staphylococcus epidermidis in a mouse model. Richards, G. Antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in dialysis fluids.
Comparative activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline against catheter-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus bacteremic isolates embedded in biofilm. Hanssen, A. Local variants of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in sporadic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci: evidence of horizontal gene transfer? The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?
Complete genome sequence of USA, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet , — DeLeo, F. An antidote for Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia? BioDrugs 22 , 27—36 Marraffini, L.
Characterization of the importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis autolysin and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in the pathogenesis of intravascular catheter-associated infection in a rat model. Pintens, V. Vandecasteele, S. Expression of biofilm-associated genes in Staphylococcus epidermidis during in vitro and in vivo foreign body infections. Development of real-time in vivo imaging of device-related Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in mice and influence of animal immune status on susceptibility to infection.
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