Most computers today are cooled by air either pulled over the key components by natural circulation convection or with air blown over them by one or more cooling fans. You can also buy water-cooledcomputer systems, but these are expensive and usually designed for serious gamers or others who push their hardware to the limits. Controlling heat is so important that servers and other large, expensive systems often have redundant fans so that a failed fan won't let the computer overheat.
Some corporate computers are kept in air-conditioned rooms, but home computers generally don't need that much climate control.
Fans are only part of the cooling system. A modern computer has a very carefully designed airflow pattern to deliver cooling air to the components that need it most like the processor and hard drives. Removing the side of the case disrupts the circulation pattern and lets the critical components run even hotter. If your computer is running too hot there is usually something wrong.
Dust is usually the number one reason why temperatures climb quickly, so it is advisable to clear out vent holes and crevices that are dirty. To further promote better airflow, case manufacturers are starting to building bracket mounts for wires inside of a computer. This would allow mounting wires behind a motherboard, rather then leaving them dangling in the front.
Believe it or not, but a wall of wires can pose as another huge problem in heat dissipation! A CPU can also heat up quickly by pushing it beyond its factory specifications. While true you can use a liquid based system to combat the extra heat generated by overclocking like what you find in cars , you theoretically can keep your computer in an overclocked state as long as the components on the CPU never reach a critical temperature.
As computers get more and more advanced, we will eventually have to rethink how we approach this topic as a whole. While a processor in a high-performance workstation may run hot due to heavy use, a processor in a regular computer that overheats is almost always a sign of a malfunctioning system. A CPU's temperature is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through it.
In a computer doing typical spreadsheet, word processing and email tasks, the CPU is usually idle most of the time and will frequently run very cool. If you, however, you use the computer to run complicated financial models or to generate 3-D renderings and walk-throughs from architectural plans drawn in computer aided design software, those tasks are much more computationally intensive and will cause the CPU to be more active and to heat up.
A properly functioning CPU running at factory-recommended settings with a properly functioning cooling system shouldn't overheat, though, even under heavy loads. If you overclock your CPU, though, it will usually generate more heat. To move the heat from your CPU to the outside of your computer's case, multiple cooling components work together. Regardless of how your computer's cooling system is configured, if air can't flow, it won't work.
If you have an overheating CPU, use some compressed air to blow out the case and its inlets and exhaust ports.
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