The weaving tradition was very important to Incas in the creation of beautiful and elaborate woven headdresses. Royalty was clearly distinguished through decorative dress. Inca emperors, for example, wore woven hats trimmed with gold and wool tassels or topped with plumes or showy feathers. Incas also created elaborate feather decorations for men, such as headbands made into crowns of feathers, collars, and chest coverings.
Wealthy Inca men wore large gold and silver pendants hung on their chests, disks attached to their hair and shoes, and bands around their arms and wrists. Inca women adorned themselves with a metal fastening for their cloak called a tupu; the head of the tupu was decorated with paint or silver, gold, or copper bells. The Inca were well-known for their use of gold, silver, copper, bronze, and other metals for tools, weapons, and decorative ornaments.
The Inca were well known for their use of gold, silver, copper, bronze, and other metals. Although the Inca Empire contained a lot of precious metals, however, the Incas did not value their metal as much as fine cloth. Andean bronze bottle, ca. As part of a tax obligation to the commoners, mining was required in all the provinces, and copper, tin, gold, and silver were all obtained from mines or washed from the river gravels.
Because of their expertise, many metalworkers were taken back to the capital city of Cuzco to continue their metalworking for the emperor. Copper and bronze were used for basic farming tools or weapons, such as sharp sticks for digging, club-heads, knives with curved blades, axes, chisels, needles, and pins.
The Incas had no iron or steel, so their armor and weaponry consisted of helmets, spears, and battle-axes made of copper, bronze, and wood. Metal tools and weapons were forged by Inca metallurgists and then spread throughout the empire. Gold and silver were used for ornaments and decorations and reserved for the highest classes of Inca society, including priests, lords, and the Sapa Inca, or emperor. Gold and silver were common themes throughout the palaces of Inca emperors as well, and the temples of the Incas were strewn with sacred and highly precious metal objects.
Thrones were ornately decorated with metals, and royalty dined on golden-plated dishes inlaid with decorative designs. Headdresses, crowns, ceremonial knives, cups, and ceremonial clothing were often inlaid with gold or silver. After the fall of the Inca Empire, many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed or irrevocably changed by Spanish conquerors.
The Inca population suffered a dramatic and quick decline following contact with the Europeans. This decline was largely due to illness and disease such as smallpox, which is thought to have been introduced by colonists and conquistadors. As an effect of this conquest, many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed or irrevocably changed.
In addition to disease and population decline, a large portion of the Inca population—including artisans and crafts people—was enslaved and forced to work in the gold and silver mines. Cities and towns were pillaged, along with a vast amount of traditional artwork, craft, and architecture, and new buildings and cities were built by the Spanish on top of Inca foundations.
The execution of the Inca : Spaniards burning the Inca leader Atahualpa at the stake, following their conquest of the Inca people. Beginning at the time of conquest, art of the central Andes region began to change as new techniques were introduced by the Spanish invaders, such as oil paintings on canvas. The spread of Christianity had a great influence on both the Inca people and their artwork as well. As a result, early art from the colonial period began to show influences of both Christianity and Inca religious themes, and traditional Inca styles of artwork were adopted and altered by the Spanish to incorporate Christian themes.
Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador who was responsible for destroying much of the city of Cusco in , built a new European-style city over pre-colonial foundations. The Convent was built in the Renaissance style and exceeds the height of many other buildings in the city.
The Convent and Church of la Mercad were similarly modeled on the Baroque Renaissance style, containing choir stalls, paintings, and wood carvings from the colonial era.
The Cathedral of Santo Domingo was built on the foundations of the Inca Palace of Viracocha and presents late-Gothic, Baroque, and Plateresque interiors; it also has a strong example of colonial goldwork and wood carving. The majority of artistic efforts after the initial conquest were directed at evangelism; a number of schools of painting emerged that exemplify this.
Indigenous artists were taught European techniques but retained styles that were representative of their local sensibilities. During the s and early s, the Spanish Baroque aesthetic was transplanted to central and South America and became especially influential, developing its own variations in different regions.
Initially developed by the Spanish to train local artists in the European tradition for the purpose of proselytizing, the style soon spread through Latin America to places as distant as the Andes, as well as to the places in present-day Bolivia and Ecuador.
Cusco is considered to be the first location where the Spanish systematically taught European artistic techniques such as oil painting and perspective to Indigenous people in the Americas. Cusco painting is characterized by exclusively religious subject matter; warped perspective; frequent use of the colors red, yellow, and earth tones; and an abundance of gold leaf.
Artists often adapted the subject matter of paintings to include native flora and fauna. Most of the paintings were completed anonymously, a result of pre-Columbian traditions that viewed art as a communal undertaking.
Example of Cusco painting : Cusco painting is characterized by exclusively religious subject matter; warped perspective; frequent use of the colors red, yellow, and earth tones; and an abundance of gold leaf. The artistic production of this period was an important means of income for the area at the time.
The Quito School was founded in by the Franciscan priest Jodoco Ricke, who transformed a seminary into an art school to train the first artists. The work of this period represents a long process of mixed-heritage blending of indigenous people and Europeans, both culturally and genetically.
Quito School artworks are known for their combination of European and Indigenous stylistic features, including Baroque, Flemish, Rococo, and Neoclassical elements. The technique of encarnado, or the simulation of the color of human flesh, was used on sculptures to make them appear more realistic. The following day he met Atahualpa.
It is believed that Atahualpa regarded the meeting as a peaceful gathering where the newcomers would present their respect to the emperor. His view was short lived as he would shortly experience when a priest named Valverde handed him a Bible and tried to make him swear loyalty to the Pope and the King of Spain.
Atahualpa threw the Bible on the floor and refused to swear loyalty, at that moment they took him prisoner. The Spanish showed their superiority by killing and capturing his soldiers in less than thirty minutes.
Atahualpa knew then that their visit was not peaceful and that the Spaniards were after gold and silver. He offered offered two full rooms of silver and one of gold as payment for his freedom. Atahualpa was never let go and was charged of treason and crimes against the Spanish state. He was executed on August 29, After the capture of Cajamarca and with no Inca resistance the conquerors made their way south to capture the capital of the empire, Cusco.
He had the support of the nobility in Cusco and would serve as a puppet to capture the Inca capital city. Manco Inca collaborated with the Spaniards but in he tried to recapture Cusco but failed, retreating to the mountains of Vilcabamba where he created a neo- Inca government that lasted for 36 years. The Inca civilization had unified a vast territory in South America integrating many ethnic groups into a unified society under the rule of a common Inca law.
The arrival of the Spaniards stopped the development of this civilization and created a social gap that has endured for more than years. The Incas resisted the conquerors for four decades until when Tupac Amaru, son of Manco Inca and the last Inca ruler, was executed along with his family and advisers, leaving no successor. Tags: archeology peru , Atahualpa , Cusco , Huascar , Inca civilization , inca culture , Inca empire , incas , peru inca , Vilcabamba. The Amazon Rainforest is home to more than 1, species of frogs.
The Poison-dart frog is by far the most poisonous frog on earth. The Amazon Rainforest is also home to more than 10, species of mammals, 1, species of birds and the Amazon River and its tributaries have more than 3, species of fish.
The Nazca Lines are an exceptional collection of geoglyphs in the southern desert of Peru. There are about figures among them. A comprehensive database of facts about animals to enhance the academic experience of those interested in wildlife. More than three quarters of the Peruvian territory lies east of the Andes.
The jungle or Selva has two parts, the high and the low Selva. Culture Fascinating culture and Inca heritage of this beautiful country.
The Inca state's domain was unprecedented, its rule resulting in a universal language—a form of Quechua, a religion worshipping the sun, and a 14, mile-long road system criss-crossing high Andean mountain passes and linking the rulers with the ruled.
Referred to as an all-weather highway system, the over 14, miles of Inca roads were an astonishing and reliable precursor to the advent of the automobile. Communication and transport was efficient and speedy, linking the mountain peoples and lowland desert dwellers with Cuzco. Building materials and ceremonial processions traveled thousands of miles along the roads that still exist in remarkably good condition today.
They were built to last and to withstand the extreme natural forces of wind, floods, ice, and drought. This central nervous system of Inca transport and communication rivaled that of Rome. A high road crossed the higher regions of the Cordillera from north to south and another lower north-south road crossed the coastal plains.
Shorter crossroads linked the two main highways together in several places. The terrain, according to Ciezo de Leon, an early chronicler of Inca culture, was formidable. By his account, the road system ran "through deep valleys and over mountains, through piles of snow, quagmires, living rock, along turbulent rivers; in some places it ran smooth and paved, carefully laid out; in others over sierras, cut through the rock, with walls skirting the rivers, and steps and rests through the snow; everywhere it was clean swept and kept free of rubbish, with lodgings, storehouses, temples to the sun, and posts along the way.
With the arrival from Spain in of Francisco Pizarro and his entourage of mercenaries or "conquistadors," the Inca empire was seriously threatened for the first time. Duped into meeting with the conquistadors in a "peaceful" gathering, an Inca emperor, Atahualpa, was kidnapped and held for ransom. Ciezo de Leon, a conquistador himself, wrote of the astonishing surprise the Spaniards experienced upon reaching Cuzco.
As eyewitnesses to the extravagant and meticulously constructed city of Cuzco, the conquistadors were dumbfounded to find such a testimony of superior metallurgy and finely tuned architecture. Temples, edifices, paved roads, and elaborate gardens all shimmered with gold.
By Ciezo de Leon's own observation the extreme riches and expert stone work of the Inca were beyond belief: "In one of the houses, which was the richest, there was the figure of the sun, very large and made of gold, very ingeniously worked, and enriched with many precious stones They had also a garden, the clods of which were made of pieces of fine gold; and it was artificially sown with golden maize, the stalks, as well as the leaves and cobs, being of that metal Besides all this, they had more than twenty golden llamas with their lambs, and the shepherds with their slings and crooks to watch them, all made of the same metal.
There was a great quantity of jars of gold and silver, set with emeralds; vases, pots, and all sorts of utensils, all of fine gold
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